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<title>End-user computing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">End-user computing</span></span>

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<p><b>End-user computing</b> (<b>EUC</b>) refers to systems in which non-<a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a> can create working <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EUC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EUC is a group of approaches to computing that aim to better integrate <a href="User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">end users</a> into the computing environment. These approaches attempt to realize the potential for high-end computing to perform problem-solving in a trustworthy manner.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>End-user computing can range in complexity from users simply clicking a series of buttons, to citizen developers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing scripts in a controlled <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>, to being able to modify and execute code directly.

</p><p>Examples of end-user computing are systems built using <a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">fourth-generation programming languages</a>, such as <a href="MAPPER" title="MAPPER">MAPPER</a> or <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, or one of the <a href="Fifth-generation_programming_language" title="Fifth-generation programming language">fifth-generation programming languages</a>, such as <a href="ICAD_(software)" title="ICAD (software)">ICAD</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors">Factors</h2></div>

<p>Factors contributing to the need for further EUC research include <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> processing, <a href="Pervasive_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervasive computing">pervasive computing</a>, issues of <a href="Upper_ontology" title="Upper ontology">ontology</a>, <a href="Interactive_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive visualization">interactive visualization</a>, and the like.

</p><p>Some of the issues related to end-user computing concern <a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">software architecture</a> (<a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">iconic</a> versus language interfaces, open versus closed, and others). Other issues relate to <a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, configuration and maintenance. End-user computing allows more user-input into system affairs that can range from <a href="Personalization" title="Personalization">personalization</a> to full-fledged ownership of a system.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EUC_strategy">EUC strategy</h2></div>

<p>EUC applications should not be evolved by accident, but there should be a defined EUC strategy. Any <a href="Application_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Architecture">Application Architecture</a> Strategy / IT Strategy should consider the white spaces in automation (enterprise functionality not automated by <a href="Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">ERP</a> / Enterprise Grade Applications). These are the potential areas where EUC can play a major role. Then ASSIMPLER parameters should be applied to these white spaces to develop the EUC strategy. (ASSIMPLER stands for availability, scalability, security, interoperability, maintainability, performance, low <a href="Cost_of_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost of ownership">cost of ownership</a>, extendibility and reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

</p><p>In businesses, an end-user concept gives workers more flexibility, as well as more opportunities for better productivity and creativity. However, EUC will work only when leveraged correctly. That’s why it requires a full-fledged strategy. Any strategy should include all the tools users might need to carry out their tasks and work more productively.

</p><p><b>Types of EUC</b>

</p><p>End-user computing covers a broad range of user-facing resources, including:

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<ul><li>desktop and notebook computers;</li>

<li>desktop operating systems and applications;</li>

<li>scripting languages such as robotic desktop automation or RDA;</li>

<li>smartphones and wearables;</li>

<li>mobile, web and cloud applications;</li>

<li>virtual desktops and applications<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EUC_risk_drivers">EUC risk drivers</h2></div>

<p>Business owners should understand that every user-controlled app needs to be monitored and supervised. Otherwise, organization risk facing a lot of problems and losses if end-users don’t follow company policy or leave their job. In functions such as finance, accounting and regulated activities, unmanaged EUC may expose the organization to regulatory compliance issues and fines.

</p><p>End-user computing operating and business risks may be driven by:

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<ul><li>lack of rigorous testing;</li>

<li>lack of version & change control;</li>

<li>lack of documentation and reliance on end-user who developed it;</li>

<li>lack of maintenance processes;</li>

<li>lack of security;</li>

<li>lack of audit trail;</li>

<li>overreliance on manual controls.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EUC_risk_management_software">EUC risk management software</h2></div>

<p>Many companies elect to leverage software to manage their EUC risks. Software can provide many benefits to organizations, including:

</p>

<ul><li>automation of risk management activities;</li>

<li>reduction in manual effort required for manual controls;</li>

<li>version controls for EUC applications;</li>

<li>change controls for EUC applications.</li></ul>

<p>Examples of EUC risk software include:

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<ul><li>apparity<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Decentralized_computing" title="Decentralized computing">Decentralized computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_computing" title="Defensive computing">Defensive computing</a></li>

<li><a href="End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user development</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Organizational_and_End_User_Computing" title="Journal of Organizational and End User Computing">Journal of Organizational and End User Computing</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge-based_engineering" title="Knowledge-based engineering">Knowledge-based engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Situational_application" title="Situational application">Situational application</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li>

<li><a href="Usability_engineering" title="Usability engineering">Usability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li>

<li><a href="User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered design</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodall,_Howie1997" class="citation conference cs1">Goodall, Howie (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1120304">"End-user computing"</a>. <i>CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems</i>. ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference. Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, United States of America: <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. p. 132. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-89791-926-2</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McBride, Neil, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/handle/2086/213">Towards User-Oriented control of End-User Computing in Large Organizations</a>"</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahmood, Adam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea-group.com/bookseries/details.asp?id=3">Advances in End User Computing Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129022235/http://www.idea-group.com/bookseries/details.asp?id=3">Archived</a> 2007-01-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Texas, USA, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-9310">1537-9310</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/citizen-developer">"Definition of Citizen Developer - Gartner Information Technology Glossary"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

Compare: <cite id="CITEREFVanarse" class="citation web cs1">Vanarse, Mandar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipro.com/documents/business-value-assurance-during-the-transformation-journey.pdf">"Business Value Assurance during the transformation journey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wipro</i>. Wipro Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>How should the business services be designed in terms of availability, security, scalability, interoperability, maintenance, performance, lower cost, extendibility and reliability (ASSIMPLER) from end consumer perspective?</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/end-user-computing-platform-EUC-platform">"What is end-user computing (EUC)? - Definition from WhatIs.com"</a>. <i>SearchMobileComputing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insuranceerm.com/content/awards/insuranceerm-annual-awards-2023-uk-and-europe/winners/end-user-computing-risk-management-solution-of-the-year-apparity.html">"End-user computing risk management solution of the year: Apparity"</a>. <i>InsuranceERM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eusesconsortium.org/">EUSES Consortium, a collaboration that researches end-user computing.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308778531_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_LEADERSHIP_AND_MORTGAGE_BANKING_END-USER_COMPUTING_EFFICIENCY">Relationship Between Leadership and EUC Efficiency</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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